Table 1 Selected interRAI outcome scales common to the RAI-MDS 2.0 instruments with description and ranges

Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS)

Measures cognitive status of the residents

• Validated against Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (R² = 0.81)

Range from 0 to 6

• 0 indicates no cognitive impairment (cognitively intact)

• 6 indicates severe cognitive impairment

Depression Rating Scale (DRS)

Clinical screener for depression

• Validated against Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (r = 0.69)

Range from 0 to 14

• Score greater than 3 indicates possible depression

Aggressive Behavior Scale (ABS)

Measures aggressive behavior

• Validated against Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) (r = 0.72)

Range from 0 to 12

• 0 indicates no signs of aggression

• 12 indicates very severe aggression

Index of Social Engagement (ISE) Scale

Measures residents’ quality of life and level of social involvement in activities within the long-term care facility.

• showed reasonable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.72) and an acceptable construct validity (Bentler’s Fit Index > 0.98)

Range from 0 to 6

• 0 indicates no/low social engagement

• 6 indicates high social engagement

Activities of Daily Living Hierarchy Scale (ADL-H)

Measures the level of impairment in the disablement process of early, mid, and late loss of activities of daily living.

• Validated against Barthel Index (R² = 0.74)

Range from 0 to 6

• 0 indicates no functional impairment

• 6 indicates severe functional impairment

Pain Scale

Measures pain presence and intensity

• Validated against the Visual Analogue Scale

(κ = 0.71)

Range from 0 to 4

• 0 indicates no pain

• 4 indicates severe pain

Pressure Ulcer Risk Scale (PURS)

Measures pressure ulcer risk

• Verified to be a good predictor of pressure ulcer risk (c statistics = 0.708) and validated against the Braden Scale (r = 0.66)

Range from 0 to 8

• 0 indicates no risk for pressure ulcers

• 8 indicates severe risk for pressure ulcers

Changes in Health End Stage Signs and Symptoms (CHESS) Scale

Measure of health instability as a clinical outcome and predictor of mortality

• Verified to be a good predictor of mortality

(p < 0.0001)

Range from 0 to 5

• 0 indicates no health instability

• 5 indicates very high health instability