Table 4 Association between caregiver burden with sociodemographic of caregivers, caregiving attributes and psychological manifestations (depression, anxiety and stress)
Variables | Burdened (N = 118) | Not Burdened (N = 131) | Mean diff (95% CI) ͣ or x2 (df)b | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean ± SD | n (%) | Mean ± SD | |||
Age |  | 47.64 ±12.24 |  | 49.79 ±13.6 | −2.15 (−5.39,1.09)a | 0.193 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2.714 (1)b | 0.099 |
 Male | 41 (55.4) |  | 33 (44.6) |  |  |  |
 Female | 77 (44) |  | 98 (56) |  |  |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.479 (2)b | 0.787 |
 Malay | 61 (48) |  | 66 (52) |  |  |  |
 Chinese | 39 (44.8) |  | 48 (55.2) |  |  |  |
 Indian and others | 18 (51.4) |  | 17 (48.6) |  |  |  |
Having a religion / faith | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.226 (1)b | 0.635 |
 Yes | 109 (47) |  | 123 (53) |  |  |  |
 No | 9 (47.4) |  | 8 (52.6) |  |  |  |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | Â | 6.101 (1)b | 0.014 |
 Low (Secondary school and below) | 66 (41.5) |  | 93 (58.5) |  |  |  |
 High (College/University) | 52 (57.8) |  | 38 (42.2) |  |  |  |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 3.546 (4)b | 0.471 |
 Employed for wages | 44 (48.4) |  | 47 (51.6) |  |  |  |
 Self-employed | 20 (55.6) |  | 16 (44.4) |  |  |  |
 Retired | 13 (54.2) |  | 11 (45.8) |  |  |  |
 Housewife | 19 (37.3) |  | 32 (62.7) |  |  |  |
 Not working | 22 (46.8) |  | 25 (53.2) |  |  |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.033 (1)b | 0.856 |
 Married | 88 (47.1) |  | 99 (52.9) |  |  |  |
 Unmarried | 30 (48.4) |  | 32 (51.6) |  |  |  |
Income status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.016 (1)b | 0.900 |
 Low | 92 (47.2) |  | 103 (52.8) |  |  |  |
 Middle to High | 26 (48.1) |  | 28 (51.8) |  |  |  |
Caregiving for others | Â | Â | Â | Â | 3.304 (1)b | 0.069 |
 Yes | 51 (54.8) |  | 42 (45.2) |  |  |  |
 No | 67 (42.9) |  | 89 (57.1) |  |  |  |
Relationship with patient | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.516 (2)b | 0.469 |
 Spouse | 43 (50.6) |  | 42 (49.4) |  |  |  |
 Children | 59 (48) |  | 64 (52) |  |  |  |
 Others | 16 (39) |  | 25 (61) |  |  |  |
Underlying illness | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.534 (1)b | 0.216 |
 Yes | 41 (53.2) |  | 36 (46.8) |  |  |  |
 No | 77 (44.8) |  | 95 (55.2) |  |  |  |
Staying with patient | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.057 (1)b | 0.304 |
 Yes | 98 (49) |  | 102 (51) |  |  |  |
 No | 20 (40.8) |  | 29 (59.2) |  |  |  |
Being paid | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.325 (1)b | 0.250 |
 Yes | 13 (59.1) |  | 9 (40.9) |  |  |  |
 No | 105 (46) |  | 122 (54) |  |  |  |
Hours of caregiving per day | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2.002 (1)b | 0.157 |
 <  14 | 48 (42.5) |  | 65 (57.5) |  |  |  |
 > 14 | 70 (51.5) |  | 66 (48.5) |  |  |  |
Depression | Â | Â | Â | Â | 21.756 (1)b | 0.0001 |
 Yes | 39 (76.5) |  | 12 (23.5) |  |  |  |
Level | ||||||
 Mild | 11 (55) |  | 9 (45) |  |  |  |
 Moderate | 16 (88.9) |  | 2 (11.1) |  |  |  |
 Severe | 5 (83.3) |  | 1 (16.7) |  |  |  |
 Extremely severe | 7 (100) |  | 0 (0) |  |  |  |
 No | 79 (39.9) |  | 119 (60.1) |  |  |  |
Anxiety | Â | Â | Â | Â | 24.798 (1)b | 0.0001 |
 Yes | 53 (71.6) |  | 21 (28.4) |  |  |  |
Level | ||||||
 Mild | 17 (73.9) |  | 6 (26.1) |  |  |  |
 Moderate | 16 (64) |  | 9 (36) |  |  |  |
 Severe | 7 (70) |  | 3 (30) |  |  |  |
 Extremely severe | 13 (81.3) |  | 3 (18.8) |  |  |  |
 No | 65 (37.1) |  | 110 (62.9) |  |  |  |
Stress | Â | Â | Â | Â | 15.921 (1)b | 0.0001 |
 Yes | 34 (73.9) |  | 12 (26.1) |  |  |  |
Level | ||||||
 Mild | 12 (70.6) |  | 5 (29.4) |  |  |  |
 Moderate | 14 (66.7) |  | 7 (33.3) |  |  |  |
 Severe | 5 (100) |  | 0 (0) |  |  |  |
 Extremely severe | 3 (100) |  | 0 (0) |  |  |  |
 No | 84 (41.4) |  | 119 (58.6) |  |  |  |