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Table 5 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients divided by those who were alive or had died during the study period

From: Advanced care planning during the COVID-19 pandemic: ceiling of care decisions and their implications for observational data

 

All patients (n = 485)

Alive (n = 326)

Dead (n = 159)

p-value

Demographics

 Age (years)

71·6 ± 16·3

68·4 ± 17·4

78·1 ± 11·5

< 0·001

 Male sex [n(%)]

259 (53·4)

168 (51·5)

91 (57·3)

0·24

 BMI (kg/m2)

26·3 (22·1–30·8)

26·7 (22·2–31·4)

25·5 (21·9–29·9)

0·13

 BAME [n(%)]

73 (15·4)

59 (18·6)

14 (8·9)

0·006

 Clinical Frailty Scale

5 (3–6)

3 (2–6)

6 (3–7)

< 0·001

Co-morbidities

 HFrEF [n(%)]

59 (12·2)

31 (9·5)

28 (17·6)

0·010

 IHD [n(%)]

69 (14·2)

46 (14·1)

23 (14·5)

0·92

 Hypertension [n(%)]

222 (45·8)

155 (47·5)

67 (42·1)

0·26

 AF [n(%)]

97 (20·0)

52 (16·0)

45 (28·3)

0·001

 Diabetes mellitus [n(%)]

147 (30·3)

90 (27·6)

57 (35·8)

0·064

 Stroke/TIA [n(%)]

53 (10·9)

32 (9·8)

21 (13·2)

0·26

 CKD [n(%)]

119 (24·5)

71 (21·8)

48 (30·2)

0·043

 COPD [n(%)]

69 (14·2)

37 (11·3)

32 (20·1)

0·009

 Malignancy [n(%)]

37 (7·6)

23 (7·1)

14 (8·8)

0·50

Medications

 ACEi [n(%)]

84 (17·3)

57 (17·5)

27 (17·0)

0·89

 ARB [n(%)]

41 (8·5)

31 (9·5)

10 (6·3)

0·23

 BB [n(%)]

113 (23·3)

75 (23·0)

38 (23·9)

0·83

 CCB [n(%)]

80 (16·5)

57 (17·5)

23 (14·5)

0·40

 Loop diuretic [n(%)]

74 (15·3)

47 (14·4)

27 (17·0)

0·46

 MRA [n(%)]

18 (3·7)

12 (3·7)

6 (3·8)

0·96

 Statin [n(%)]

200 (41·2)

136 (41·7)

64 (40·3)

0·76

 Antiplatelet [n(%)]

115 (23·7)

75 (23·0)

40 (25·2)

0·60

 Anticoagulant [n(%)]

67 (13·8)

38 (11·7)

29 (18·2)

0·049

 Metformin [n(%)]

61 (12·6)

39 (12·0)

22 (13·8)

0·56

 Sulphonylurea [n(%)]

23 (4·7)

18 (5·7)

5 (3·2)

0·23

 Corticosteroid [n(%)]

24 (4·9)

14 (4·3)

10 (6·4)

0·34

 Immunosuppression [n(%)]

22 (4·5)

13 (4·0)

9 (5·7)

0·41

  1. BMI body mass index, BAME Black Asian and minority ethnic, BMI body mass index, HFrEF heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, IHD ischaemic heart disease, AF atrial fibrillation, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, BB beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, CCB calcium channel blocker, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist